短语动词是由动词与介词或副词或这两者结合而成的短语。这样的组合短语所表示的含义不同于短语中每个词的单独含义。在一个句子中，短语动词的含义是由整个短语来决定的，而不只是由短语中的那个动词来表达的。另外，需要注意的是，许多短语动词可能具有不止一个含义。了解英语写作规则。
Contents
如何构造短语动词
短语动词由一个基本动词（例如get）和一个副词（例如along）或/和一个介词（例如with）组成，作为一个独立完整的整套用法来描述特定动作所指的含义。短语动词有以下三种形式：动词+介词，动词+副词，动词+副词+介词。
动词与介词的组合
许多短语动词是通过在动词后面添加介词而形成的。介词在每个短语动词中的作用或含义并不相同。
- Example
- Use up: to exhaust, to use entirely
The guest used up all the water.
- Example
- Make up: to reconcile
She made up with her parents.
动词与副词的组合
短语动词也可以通过在动词后面添加副词而形成。
- Example
- Take after: to resemble, to look like
She takes after her mother.
- Example
- Turn off: to shut off, to stop
She turned off the lights.
动词、副词和介词的组合
最后，有些短语动词是由动词、副词和介词组成的。需要注意的是，这类短语动词中的副词或介词通常不能与动词隔开，必须紧跟。
- Example
- Get away with: to escape punishment
Don’t think about getting away with this.
- Example
- Sneak up on: to surprise from behind
The cat snuck up on the mouse before pouncing.
何时使用短语动词
短语动词在英语口语或日常书面语中经常用到。然而，在学术写作中，不建议使用短语动词。作者应当考虑使用含义相同并更具“学术性”即更为正式的单个动词来代替短语动词。
用学术性动词代替短语动词
然而，即使是在学术写作中，有时也可能需要使用短语动词。这时，需要确保短语动词不能太不正式。
- 短语动词
- This paper looks at the effect of Drug Y on patients.
- 学术性动词
- This paper examines the effect of Drug Y on patients.
- 短语动词
- The research found out that Drug Y had no effect on the patients.
- 学术性动词
- The research discovered that Drug Y has no effect on the patients.
以下短语动词经常出现在学术写作中 : carry out, consist of, and subject to.
在句子中分隔短语动词
有些短语动词允许介词或副词与动词分隔开，而有些则不允许。短语动词可以分为以下两类：可分隔的短语动词，不可分隔的短语动词。
可分隔的短语动词
可分隔的短语动词是指动词与介词（或副词）可以分隔的短语动词。在这类短语动词中，介词或副词既可以直接紧跟动词，也可以放在宾语后面。
- 短语动词的不分隔用法
- The student gave back the book.
- 短语动词的分隔用法
- The student gave the book back to her.
- 短语动词的不分隔用法
- Don’t forget to hand in your assignment.
- 短语动词的分隔用法
- Don’t forget to hand your assignment in.
需要注意的是，当宾语是代词时，介词或副词必须放在代词后面。
- Correct
- The boy might set off the alarm.
He might set it off.
- Incorrect
- The boy might set off it.
不可分隔的短语动词
不可分隔的短语动词是指动词与介词或副词不能分隔的短语动词，即介词或副词必须紧跟在动词后面。
- Correct
- The thieves broke into the house last night.
- Incorrect
- The thieves broke the house into last night.
- Correct
- Please go over the materials before the lecture.
- Incorrect
- Please go the materials over before the lecture.
常见短语动词列表
| 短语动词 | 含义 | 句中示例 | 可分隔或 不可分隔 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Back down | 放弃；让步 | It’s too late for them to back down now. | 不可分隔 |
| Back off | 后退；软化；减轻；卸下 | The attackers finally backed off and left the victim alone. | 不可分隔 |
| Back up | 支持，援助；（资料）备份；倒退；裱；堵车 | I need you to back me up. | 可分隔 |
| Call back | 回电；收回 | Can she call you back in an hour? | 可分隔 |
| Call for | 要求；需要；提倡；邀请；为…叫喊；前往接某人 | This situation calls for immediate action. | 不可分隔 |
| Call in | 打电话；召集；召来 | Employees should call in when they are sick. | 可分隔 |
| Call off | 取消；依次叫名；叫走 | Since it’s raining outside, we should call off the game. | 可分隔 |
| Deal with | 处理；涉及；做生意 | She will deal with this problem herself. | 不可分隔 |
| Dig into | 钻研；掘进去 | The researchers hope to dig into this issue soon. | 不可分隔 |
| Draw back | 撤退；拉开；收回；退却；使保持距离 | The military can’t draw backthe troops now. | 不可分隔 |
| Drop by | 顺便拜访 | We will drop by your place on the way to the office. | 不可分隔 |
| Drop off | 送人；送东西；减少；让…下车；睡着 | I have to drop my sister off at school. | 可分隔 |
| End up | 最终到达某个状态、某地或达成某个行动；结束 | She ended up in the hospital after the accident. | 不可分隔 |
| Fall apart | 崩溃；土崩瓦解；破碎 | The business deal fell apart. | 不可分隔 |
| Fall behind | 落在后面；拖欠 | Why are you falling behind in school? | 不可分隔 |
| Fall out | 脱落；发生；争吵；离队 | He opened his bag and some money fell out. | 不可分隔 |
| Fall through | 落空；失败 | Unfortunately, the planfell through. | 不可分隔 |
| Figure out | 解决；算出；想出；理解；断定 | Please give me a few minutes to figure this out. | 可分隔 |
| Fill in for | 代替，替换别人的位置 | Can you fill in for me today at work? | 不可分隔 |
| Fit in with | 适应；符合；与…一致 | This structure doesn’t seem to fit in with its surroundings. | 不可分隔 |
| Focus on | 集中于，专注于 | You should focus on one problem at a time. | 不可分隔 |
| Frown upon | 不赞成 | Bad behavior in public places is very much frowned upon. | 不可分隔 |
| Get along with | 与…和睦相处；取得进展 | It would be nice if you could get along with your brother. | 不可分隔 |
| Get away | 离开；逃脱；出发 | She got away from the thief. | 可分隔 |
| Get down to | 开始处理；着手处理 | Let’s get down to business right away. | 不可分隔 |
| Get off | 下车，下飞机；动身；免于受罚；脱下 | I will be getting off at this stop. | 可分隔 |
| Get out of | 走出一个地方；逃避；避免；戒掉（某个习惯）；从…退出 | He tried to get out of doing homework. | 可分隔 |
| Get over | 克服 | He got over the breakup rather quickly. | 不可分隔 |
| Get rid of | 摆脱，除去 | It’s time to get rid of all the old clothes. | 不可分隔 |
| Give in | 屈服；让步；交上 | She never gives in easily. | 不可分隔 |
| Go after | 追求，追逐 | Do whatever it takes to go after your dream. | 不可分隔 |
| Hand in | 交上；提交；呈送 | Don’t forget to hand in your assignment. | 可分隔 |
| Hand out | 分发；施舍；把…拿出来 | I need help handing these papers out. | 可分隔 |
| Hang on to | 紧紧抓住；紧握；保留 | Hang on to the rope and don’t let go! | 不可分隔 |
| Hang out | 出去玩；闲逛；挂出 | She hangs out with her new friends a lot. | 不可分隔 |
| Hang up | 挂断电话；搁置，拖延 | Please don’t hang up on me. | 不可分隔 |
| Head for | 前往；出发；取向于 | I’m heading for Montana this summer. | 不可分隔 |
| Indulge in | 沉湎于，沉溺于 | She indulged in some expensive wine. | 不可分隔 |
| Jot down | 草草记下 | Can you jot down the number please? | 可分隔 |
| Keep up with | 跟上；赶得上；和…保持联系 | It’s hard to keep up with so much homework. | 不可分隔 |
| Leave out | 遗漏，省去；不考虑 | He left out the answer on purpose. | 可分隔 |
| Look ahead | 预测未来，计划未来 | Look ahead and plan accordingly. | 不可分隔 |
| Look through | 浏览，温习；看穿，识破；从…中显露 | The students looked through the book before the test. | 不可分隔 |
| Make up with | 与…重修旧好；与…和解 | I made up with my sister after our huge fight. | 不可分隔 |
| Miss out on | 错过机会；错失 | Don’t miss out on the chance to get it for free. | 不可分隔 |
| Move out | 搬出；开始行动 | He moved out of the apartment after finding a more suitable place. | 不可分隔 |
| Name after | 以…命名 | She is named after her grandmother. | 不可分隔 |
| Pick up | 不费力地学会；捡起；获得；收拾；汽车或飞机乘载 | It’s hard to pick up on what the professor is saying. | 可分隔 |
| Pull through | 渡过难关；恢复健康 | She managed to pull through the illness. | 可分隔 |
| Put up with | 忍受；容忍 | I can’t put up with your whining anymore. | 不可分隔 |
| Set off | 出发；引起；动身；使爆炸；抵销；分开 | We set off for the trip early in the morning. | 可分隔 |
| Show up | 出现；露面；露出；揭露 | She managed to show up an hour late. | 不可分隔 |
| Take apart | 拆开；剖析；粗暴对待 | Take apart the machine to see what it’s made up of. | 可分隔 |
| Take off | 起飞；脱下；离开；突然成功 | The airplane took off successfully. | 可分隔 |
| Think over | 仔细考虑；重新考虑 | Please think it over before making a final decision. | 可分隔 |
| Use up | 用完，耗尽 | We used up all the gas in the tank. | 可分隔 |
| Warm up | 热身；再加热变暖 | Could you please warm up the milk? | 不可分隔 |
| Wear away | 磨损；消磨；流逝 | The rocks were worn away by the rain. | 不可分隔 |